ROS (Robot Operating System) is a good place to start. There is a fair amount of support for both prebuilt robots and components and it's all open source so no cost for the software. http://wiki.ros.org/

Camel Case - Using a capital letter instead of a space when joining words. totalTimeElapsed Pascal Case - Same but also the first word. TotalTimeElapsed.

Mutex - From mutal exclusion. Used in multithreaded applications to prevent two threads from accessing something at the same time.

Reentrant - Used to describe a function that can be called again before it has finished running the first time. Important in multithreaded applications.

Design Pattern - A bunch of ways to solve common requirements. There are to many to go into here but singleton, factory, flyweight, and iterator are some good ones to start looking at.